Conifer Tree Trunks Continued!

 

Black-backed Woodpecker nest with a "plate" surrounding the nest hole

In the Lakes Basin, dead or diseased conifer trunks are the homes of several birds (mainly woodpeckers) and mammals. Nest holes are much easier to excavate in these types of trees, as the wood is much softer than a living tree. All woodpeckers are cavity nesters. They make their cavities in tree trunks, dead branches, stubs, or even stumps! Typically, woodpeckers excavate a new nest every year, and old nests are not reused. However, abandoned woodpecker nests are often inhabited by owls, chickadees, nuthatches, blue birds, Douglas Squirrels, Flying Squirrels, and sometimes even Pine Martens! 

 

Black-backed Woodpecker (male) - Picoides arcticus

The nest hole in the first photo was created by Black-backed Woodpeckers. They will occasionally peel off the bark around the nest hole (creating a "plate"), which exposes the sticky sap beneath it. This exposed sap is a deterrent to predators, such as tree-climbing snakes. These woodpeckers usually build their nests in dead conifers, but sometimes nest in live ones.

White-headed Woodpecker (male) - Picoides albolarvatus

White-headed Woodpeckers usually nest in dead conifer trunks. They are also known to nest in dead stumps, as well as leaning or fallen logs.

Downy Woodpecker - Dryobates pubescens

Downy Woodpeckers usually nest in the trunks of dead conifers and deciduous trees, or the dead parts of live trees. Sometimes they will excavate a nest in a small stub that leans away from vertical, with the entrance hole to the nest on the underside of the stub.

Red- breasted Sapsucker - Sphyrapicus ruber

Red-breasted Sapsuckers nest in dead conifers or deciduous trees, 

or in the dead parts of live trees.

Northern Flicker - Colaptes auratus

The Northern Flicker is a woodpecker but has different behavior than most woodpeckers. They mainly forage on the ground, not on tree trunks, for ants and other insects by probing and hammering in the soil. They usually nest in dead or diseased tree trunks and large branches, preferring mainly aspens. Unlike other woodpeckers, flickers will reuse an old nest. 

Red-breasted Nuthatch (male) at nest hole - Sitta canadensis

photo ©Mia McPherson of onthewingphotography.com

Much like woodpeckers, Red-breasted Nuthatches excavate their nests in dead trees. It takes a male and female pair, 18 days to chisel and hammer out a nest! They will sometimes reuse one of their old nests, or even an old woodpecker nest! 

Brown Creeper (adult) at nest site - Certhia americana

photo ©Doug Backlund of wildphotosphotography.com

Brown Creepers make their hammock-like nests behind a loose plank of bark on the trunk of a tree. The nests are made out of mosses, lichens, grasses, and feathers. Adults roost outside all year long, often by squeezing in a crack or scar in some bark. Sometimes they roost together in small groups on a tree trunk that is sheltered by other trees. 

Tree Swallow (adult) - Tachycineta bicolor

Tree Swallows readily nest in old woodpecker nests, 

as well as natural tree cavities.

Northern Flying Squirrel ©nature.ca/en/ - Glaucomys sabrinus

Northern Flying Squirrels will nest in tree hollows, abandoned woodpecker nests, and hollow stumps or limbs. They are strictly nocturnal and are rarely seen. 90%-100% of their diet is underground fungi and lichen! They don't truly "fly". They "glide" from trees and branches to the ground.  I've never seen one of these beautiful little animals, but I would love to! 

American Marten ©carnivora.net - Martes americana

American Martens can live in a tree hollow, rock den, fallen log, squirrel's nest or even a woodpecker's nest! They forage in the early morning, late afternoon, and at night, on the ground and up in the tree canopy. I've only seen an American Marten once in my lifetime!  It was on the High Sierra Trail in Sequoia National Park, in the late afternoon. I was backpacking up to a lake, and as I came around a bend in the trail there was a lone American Marten in view! We locked eyes for just a few seconds and then it was gone, but I'll never forget it!

Douglas Squirrel or Chickaree - Tamiasciurus douglasii

 In the summer, Douglas Squirrels will make a nest for their young out of mosses, lichens, twigs and shredded bark. In the winter an adult will live in a woodpecker hole or natural hole in a tree.  American Martens are one of its main predators.

Western Gray Squirrel - Sciurus griseus

In the summer, Western Gray Squirrels make nests out of shredded bark and sticks, usually about 20' above the ground in a tree.  In the winter, they probably live in natural tree cavities. 

 

Wolf Lichen - Letharia vulpina

In my next blog I'll talk about the plants that live on tree trunks.  Check back on  10/12/24 to learn about what lives in, and what eats, these plants!

un-named pond

Lakes Basin Update!

In the past month and a half, I've been able to hike in the Lakes Basin four times. Each time I hiked into a different area, and it was all fabulous! The pond pictured above was totally new to me, and we were there on a glorious, cloudy-blue-sky day! I feel so privileged to have been there! Such Beauty!!!

view to the northwest of Mt. Elwell 

On the way to the pond we had beautiful views to the north and west!

Frog - Wax Currant - unknown galls on Tobacco Brush

Rana sp. - Ribes cereum -  galls on Ceanothus velutinus

The Sierra Buttes

It was such a memorable day, filled with clouds and beauty everywhere! 

Sierra Tiger Beetle - The Sierra Buttes - Leathery Grapefern

 Cicindela tranquebarica ssp. sierra- Septricium multifidum

Lower Salmon Lake

On another day, my husband and I hiked to Lower Salmon Lake. On the way we had a lovely view of the Sierra Buttes, ran into a few bright green Sierra Tiger Beetles, and found a patch of unusual Leathery Grapeferns!

Lower Salmon Lake

 

Long Lake from the Pacific Crest Trail - inset photo: Ospreys

Pandion haliaetus

Up on the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT)

My friend Nancy and I also hiked up to the PCT on a slightly smokey day about a month ago.  At the ridge top, we lucked out and saw a pair of adult Ospreys flying overhead! In some areas there were thousands of ripening Bitter Cherries! We also saw several immature Mountain Bluebirds that day. Our time in the Lakes Basin is always treasured!

Immature Mountain Bluebirds - Bitter Cherries

Sialia currucoides - Prunus emarginata

Mt. Elwell 

Part of the Round Lake Trail

On another day my husband and I walked out the Round Lake Trail about a mile and a half to a view of Mt. Elwell! It was another gorgeous cloud-filled day, and White-crowned Sparrows posed for us on the tops of bushes, while lofty Blue Elderberries beckoned!

White-crownes Sparrows (adults) - Elderberries

Zonotrichia leucophrys - Sambucus mexicana

We got about a tenth of an inch of rain last week!  It came in two different downpours that lasted less than an hour each.  Everything was refreshed and glistening!  Hopefully more rain will come again soon!

Are there any fall colors happening?

What's happening in the river?

Check back in two weeks to find the answers to these questions and more!

After 8 years of posting my blog, I've decided that I'm only going to post my blog twice monthly from now on. My next post will be on the weekend of October 12th. See you then!

Your questions and comments are always appreciated. Please email me at northyubanaturalist@gmail.com. Thanks!

Conifer Tree Trunks (not as boring as you might think)!

California Red Fir - Abies magnifica

The Lakes Basin is filled with conifers. You can often observe birds and mammals nesting in them, eating their cones, climbing and perching on their branches, or foraging for insects in the needles. To the casual observer the woody conifer trunk itself doesn't look inhabited. However, upon close examination, a variety of birds, insects, and fungi can be found using it!  It is an ecosystem of its own!

Two different birds made me curious about what lives on tree trunks, the Brown Creeper and the Red-breasted Nuthatch. Over the years I have observed these birds foraging on tree trunks many times. I guessed that they were looking for insects in the bark crevices but wasn't sure what they were eating. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology set me straight on the types of insects that they eat, and there are LOTS of different kinds! A lot of the beetles that they eat are the ones that kill trees!

 Red-breasted Nuthatch - Brown Creeper 

 Sitta canadensis - Certhia americana

Both of these birds live year-round in the Lakes Basin. They are small in size, approximately 5" in length, with wingspans of approximately 8". While searching for insects, the Red-breasted Nuthatch climbs, up, down and sideways on tree trunks. The Brown Creeper spirals up (not down or sideways) on tree trunks. They both also forage on tree branches.  The Red-breasted Nuthatch is boldly marked and colorful, where as the Brown Creeper is camouflaged so well that on some trees it looks a piece of moving bark! 

Brown Creeper - Certhia americana

The following information about Brown Creepers and Red-breasted Nuthatches is from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology at https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow.

"In winter: Animal foods include a variety of insects and larvae, spiders and their eggs, ants, and pseudoscorpions; a small amount of seeds and other vegetable matter. Breeding season: same as winter, but possibly no vegetable matter eaten . Nestlings appear to be fed only insects. 

Insects include stink bugs, fruit flies, dark-winged fungus gnats, cerambicid beetles, cylindrical bark beetles, bark weevils, stem weevils, western pine beetles, red turpentine beetles, engraver beetles, and bark beetle parasitoids, lepidopterans, neuropterans, caddis flies ; weevils, leaf beetles , flat-bugs, jumping plant lice, leaf hoppers, scale insects, eggs of katydids , ants, sawflies, caterpillars, cocoons of Bucculatrix, and pupae of the codling moth, and spiders.

All year: primarily on trunks of live trees, but occasionally on large branches , sometimes on medium and small branches, and rarely on the ground and log."

Red-breasted Nuthatch - Sitta canadensis

"Animal foods include wide range of adult and larval arthropods, especially beetles, but also caterpillars, spiders, ants, sucking bugs or "leaf bugs", and flies. Plant foods include seeds of conifers, sedges, and angiosperms; also occasionally eats fruit.

Like other nuthatches, characteristically walks up or down tree trunks and large branches, probing crevices in bark for insects. Also commonly forages on small branches, probing beneath flakes of bark, at bases of needle clusters on conifer branches, and on conifer cones, where it extracts seeds. Less commonly forages in leaf litter on the ground for fallen seeds and arthropods, in rocky outcrops, and on undersides of leaves.

Like other nuthatches, regularly stores food during fall and winter. Where resident, caching of food is probably critical to overwinter survival. Caches both seeds and arthropods, although stores primarily conifer seeds. Places cached food in crevices under bark, in holes created by sapsuckers, or occasionally in the ground. Often, but not always, covers caches with small fragments of bark, lichen, or small rocks, presumably to conceal food from competitors."

White Fir - Incense Cedar - Western White Pine

Abies concolor - Calocedrus decurrens - Pinus monticola

Jeffrey Pine - Sugar Pine - Lodgepole Pine

Pinus jeffreyi - Pinus lambertiana - Pinus contorta 

So of course, after reading about all the insects that these birds glean from the bark of trees, I went out and searched for insects on a variety of tree trunks. Some of the pine bark was easily flaked off the surface of the trees, whereas the fir bark didn't budge at all and I had to investigate crevices and cracks. 

American Square-headed Snakefly larva - Genus Negha

To my delight I found a larva right away in some pine bark! I only found one. I wasn't sure what it was so I posted a photo on inaturalist.org and they identified it as an American Square-headed Snakefly larva!   Apparently these larvae live in tree bark! 

Wikipedia states: "They [Snakefly larvae] may take several years before they undergo metamorphosis, requiring a period of chilling before pupation takes place. Both adults and larvae are predators of soft-bodied arthropods."

unknown spider, cobwebs, beetle wing cases

I examined about 5 trees (as far up as I could reach) and only found the one larva mentioned above, several spiders and their egg sacs, and the remains of small beetles. I am on a mission to keep looking, but so far there hasn't been a lot of insects in the bark I've examined. Maybe there are more in the summer when insects are more plentiful. Or maybe there are more insects higher up the trunk. Or maybe these birds go to lots of trees to get enough to eat! I'll keep you posted on what I find!  I'm excited about learning more on this new subject!

Red-breasted Sapsucker - Syraphicus ruber

Woodpeckers are another group of birds that are usually seen on the trunks of trees.  Almost all of them will eat insects off of bark, some eat tree sap, and others bore into the tree trunk to eat wood-boring beetle larvae. The Red-breasted Sapsucker pictured above is a woodpecker that hammers holes in tree bark to eat sap, not insects!  As their name implies, these birds mainly eat tree sap. They drill horizontal rows of small "wells" into the bark of firs and fruit trees, and eat the sap that accumulates as well as any insects that get stuck They also eat beetles, ants, the inner bark and cambium layers of trees, fruit, and seeds. I love their bright-red head, neck, and breast! Such beauty!

White-headed Woodpecker - Picoides albolarvatus

White-headed Woodpeckers eat a variety of foods. Like Red-breasted Sapsuckers, they make sap wells, and eat sap! The wells are excavated almost exclusively in conifers, mainly pines. They also flake bark off the trunk in search for insects, primarily adult and larval insects, especially ants, beetles, scale insects, and caterpillars. They will also chisel holes in the bark to get to wood-boring beetle larvae. Additionally, they also hammer away at large pine cones to get the seeds!

Galleries of the Fir Engraver Beetle - larva - adult - Scolytus ventralis

Underneath the Bark

There are a wide variety of beetles that woodpeckers feed on underneath the bark of a tree. The type of wood-boring beetle can be determined by the shape of the larval galleries. The adult Fir Engraver Beetles, pictured above, bore through the bark and lay their eggs in horizontal grooves in the phloem of the tree.  When the eggs hatch into larva, the larvae chew and form rows of galleries that are parallel to this horizontal groove. After a year the larvae pupate and emerge as adults. When a tree is infested with bark beetles, the horizontal grooves affectively girdle the tree and cut off the flow of nutrients from the needles to the roots, thus killing the tree.

Galleries of the Pink-faced Jewel Beetle with larva and adult (insets)

Buprestis lyrata

The Pink-faced Jewel Beetle is in the "Flatheaded Borers" group of wood boring beetles. The following information about Flatheaded Borers is from the website at https://extension.okstate.edu. 

"Adult flatheaded borers are boat shaped, generally metallic and colorful beetles that range from 1/3 to 1 inch in length. The larvae, or grubs, are 1/4 to 2 inches long, yellowish-white, and legless with a pronounced flattened enlargement of the body just behind the head. This enlargement bears a hard plate on both the upper and lower sides. As they feed, they produce a shallow, long winding, oval gallery beneath the bark. They can sometimes damage or kill a tree by effectively girdling it, or tunneling into sapwood and heartwood. The life cycle of most flatheaded borers usually take one or two years, but some species have been known to take 25 or more years."

Holes made by Pileated Woodpeckers in search of wood-boring beetle larvae

insets: adult and larva of longhorned beetles

Another group of wood-boring beetles are the "Round Headed Borers", also known as Longhorned Beetles. The following information about Longhorned Beetles is from the website at https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/longhorned-beetles-borers-sawyer-beetles.

"There are about 1,000 species of Longhorned Beetles in North America north of Mexico. Each species of this large and diverse group of wood boring beetles is usually found near its special type of host tree, host plant, or dead wood. The larvae are usually found in dead, sick, or living trees. Some feed under the bark, where a tree’s vascular tissues are concentrated. Others bore deep into the trunk or roots, where they eat damp wood to survive. Adults eat various foods, including flowers, leaves, bark, fungi, and sap. Some adults only take water.

Lifespans range from a few months to decades, but most live 1–3 years. After mating, females seek out the appropriate food plant, usually a tree, in the appropriate stage of life, sickness, or decomposition, and deposit eggs into the wood. The larvae hatch and burrow into the tree, eating it and making tunnels in the process. Most of the longhorn’s life is spent in the larval stages. After pupating, adult beetles chew their way out of the wood and seek mates to continue the cycle.

Our native longhorns are an important part of forest ecosystems. Their burrowing into dead or dying wood helps recycle nutrients into the soil."

Pileated Woodpecker (male) - Dryocopus pileatus

Pileated Woodpeckers chisel and peck all the way through the bark and into the heartwood to get wood boring insect larvae. They will listen at the trunk to hear the larvae inside! They are large woodpeckers with large bills.  They have long, barbed tongues that can travel through a larval tunnel, pierce the larva, then withdraw it from the trunk! The dead trees pictured above have lots of holes made by a Pileated Woodpeckers searching for beetle larvae.  However, a Pileated Woodpecker's favorite food is carpenter ants! They also eat thatching ants, termites, and miscellaneous insects and berries. 

Fungi and bird nests are additional aspects of the tree trunk ecosystem! 

Check back in two weeks to find out more about them, and much more!

After 8 years of posting my blog, I've decided that I'm only going to post my blog twice monthly from now on. My next post will be on the weekend of September 28th. See you then!

Your questions and comments are always appreciated. Please email me at northyubanaturalist@gmail.com. Thanks!